New Delhi: India is witnessing a historic transformation in its legal landscape as three new criminal laws come into effect, replacing the outdated British-era statutes. President Droupadi Murmu’s assent on December 25, 2023, marked the birth of “The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023,” “The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023,” and “The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.” Let’s delve into the key changes and their impact:
The Spirit of Indianness
Minister of State for Law and Justice (Independent Charge) Arjun Ram Meghwal emphasized that these laws embody the spirit of Indianness. The Indian Justice Code, Indian Civil Defence Code, and Indian Saadhy Act replaced archaic legislation tainted by a slave mentality. At their core lies a commitment to justice rather than mere punishment.
Strengthening Crime Investigation
In response to rising crime rates, the new law mandates swift action. Notably, in rape cases, victims’ medical reports must be submitted to both the police station and the court within seven days a significant departure from the previous law. Terrorism is now explicitly defined, clarifying which acts constitute terrorism.
Reforms and Penalties
Several critical changes stand out:
- Sedition Replaces Treason: The new law replaces the colonial-era concept of treason with sedition as a criminal offense.
- Death Penalty for Mob Lynching: For the first time, provisions for the death penalty apply to mob lynching cases.
- Embracing Technology: The law digitizes all documents related to FIRs, charge sheets, and cases. Additionally, audio-video evidence is now admissible.
- Fugitive Criminals: The government vows strict action against those fleeing with ill-gotten wealth. Their assets will be confiscated.
A Closer Look at the Legal Overhaul
Indian Justice Code (Replaces IPC)
- Sections Reduced: The new code streamlines the law, reducing the number of sections from 511 to 358.
- Expanded Crimes: It introduces 20 new offenses, including stricter penalties for 33 existing crimes.
- Minimum Punishments: Mandatory minimum sentences apply to 23 specific offenses.
- Community Service Penalty: Six crimes now carry community service as an alternative punishment.
Indian Evidence Act
- Increased Provisions: The revised act boasts 170 provisions (up from 167).
- Audio-Video Provisions: Thirty-five sections now allow audio-video evidence.
- Repealed Sections: Fourteen sections have been repealed.
Concerns and Chaos
While some judges express readiness, critics like K.C. Mittal, former chairman of the Bar Council of Delhi, find fault. Mittal decries extended police remand (up to 90 days) and the power to handcuff without court permission. Chaos reigns in courts due to the law’s confusing provisions.
Sanjeev Nasair, Vice-Chairman of the BCD, has raised concerns about public prosecutors’ appointments. Despite challenges, India steps boldly into a new era of justice and security.
